Starting Insulin In Type 2 Diabetes

Endocrine

May 25

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Show notes:

The good news: there are a lot of options for treating patients with type 2 diabetes. The challenging news: there is a lot to know about medication options for your patient with type 2 diabetes. Getting comfortable with all this information can be overwhelming as a new grad Nurse Practitioner – and even as a seasoned Nurse Practitioner, especially if you don’t have a lot of diabetic patients in your practice. Some patients will be able to improve their diabetes and get their A1C down with lifestyle changes alone; others will need to add oral medication; others will need to add insulin to get optimal control of their diabetes.

When the time comes to have a conversation with your patient about starting insulin, they are likely to have lots of questions. If you want some talking points for this conversation, and you also want to be sure that you have answers, you have come to the right place.

What You Need To Know To Start Insulin In Your Type 2 Diabetes Patient

This week, we will walk through what you need to know when you have a patient who will be starting insulin for diabetes management. We’ll talk about:

The other options for treating their type 2 diabetes before you start insulin
How much improvement you can expect with various approaches to diabetes treatment
A framework for when to start insulin, and how to adjust the dose
Managing hypoglycemia after starting insulin
Why in-person visits are so beneficial for managing diabetes

Diabetes is a complex diagnosis for providers and patients. When you feel confused and overloaded with information, imagine how your patient feels. Being prepared for these conversations and clinical scenarios will help you to feel more confident, which will help you to be an even better resource for your patients.

Resources mentioned in this episode:

If you'd like support learning about how to manage these three chronic conditions, including medication management, most recent guidelines, when to refer and examples of real-life patient cases, join us for the Managing Diabetes, Hypertension & CKD Review Course. Comes with AANP accreditated continuing education hours, including pharmacology hours, downloadable cheat sheets and lifetime access! Click here to learn more.

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WEBVTT
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Hey there, welcome to the Real World NP podcast.
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I'm Liz Rohr, family nurse practitioner, educator, and founder of Real World NP, an educational
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company for nurse practitioners in primary care.
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I'm on a mission to equip and guide new nurse practitioners so that they can feel
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confident, capable, and take the best care of their patients.
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If you're looking for clinical pearls and practice tips without the fluff, you're in
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the right place.
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Make sure you subscribe and leave a review so you won't miss an episode.
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Plus, you'll find links to all the episodes with extra goodies over at realworldnp.com
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slash podcast.
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Well, hey there, it's Liz Rohr from Real World NP and you're watching NP Practice
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weekly videos to help save you time, frustration, and help you learn faster so you can take
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the best care of your patients.
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So today I'm talking about a super highly requested topic, which is insulin initiation
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in type 2 diabetes.
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And I have a couple of notes before I jump in.
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So number one, I have a cheat sheet down below this video.
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I would love to be able to share my screen and make a beautiful presentation like
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I usually do, but quarantine life is a little different right now and limited time
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to make these with my daughter at home.
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The second note is that the lab interpretation crash course for new nurse practitioners
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opens this Friday, which I'm so excited.
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I would love to have you if you're struggling with labs, you're a new grad in primary
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care or an experienced grad and you still don't like labs.
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It's CBCs, CMPs, TSH, lipids, and all the main endocrine labs that I see in
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primary care as well as your analysis.
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And then my third note is that Kim Ellis, I want to give a shout out to her, is
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practitioner on YouTube as well and makes YouTube videos specifically about
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diabetes management.
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So definitely go check out her stuff if you haven't already and you have more
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diabetes related questions and then definitely let me know if you have other
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questions and things you want me to talk about when it comes to diabetes.
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So jumping right in though, number one, who needs insulin in diabetes and
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type 2 diabetes?
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So kind of three main scenarios.
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One is that somebody comes in with severe hyperglycemia that is symptomatic.
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So they have things like weight loss, ketonuria, malaise, things like that.
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And their A1C is greater than 9% or their blood sugars are greater than 300 or
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so persistently.
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And a quick note is that I have a video, a case study about hyperglycemia
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where I talk a little bit more about the symptoms of hyperglycemia and
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differentiating between type 1 and type 2.
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So I'll link down below this video to that if you want to check that
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out if you haven't seen that one already.
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Another scenario is that somebody has a persistent severe hyperglycemia,
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meaning their blood sugars on average are typically greater than 300 and
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their A1C is greater than 9%.
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And they may or may not have symptoms.
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They may not have the weight loss or ketonuria and they might feel fine.
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Those patients you can consider insulin therapy for them as well.
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And then the other situation is if they are in either of those
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categories and you're not quite sure if they have type 1 or type 2
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diabetes, those patients should be on insulin as well.
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And again, I talk about that a little bit more in that video.
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So I should back up and say that all of this is based on the AACE
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guidelines and I don't have rights to share their stuff.
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And so on my presentation itself, I am not able to reproduce it.
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So without permission, so I have it linked down below this video.
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I definitely encourage you to review that PowerPoint presentation that they
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have on their website and print out the slides that I'm going to be
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referencing to keep it at your desk to kind of make things a little bit
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easier. And I keep looking down because I have my notes and I want to
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make sure I don't forget anything.
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So kind of just to back up a little bit when it comes to the AACE
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guidelines, typically going from initial management all the way up to
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somebody is diagnosed with diabetes when their A1C is 6.5 and above.
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And so from there, patients are typically started first line on
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metformin if they don't have contraindications.
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And I'm not really going to get into all the nitty gritty here.
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I'm doing really high level overview because I could talk for hours
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and this is really just to kind of like the quick and dirty of it.
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So making sure that they don't have contraindications to metformin.
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And then the next steps from there, depending on their A1C level is
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if they want to do oral agents versus insulin.
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So do they do a second agent, a third agent.
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And once they get to three, then they have to progress to insulin if
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their A1C is still uncontrolled.
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However, you can always jump over that oral medication, the dual and
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triple therapy to go right to insulin if the patient prefers.
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So before I go any further into the nitty gritty of it all, I want to
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make a really important point here is that the most important thing is
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that you understand this well enough to explain it plainly to your
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patients, because it might feel as a brand new grad, I remember
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feeling totally like stressed out that someone's A1C was 13% and I needed
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to do all of the things for them right now.
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They didn't have their monofilament checked.
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They didn't have their microalbumin checked.
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They didn't have any education about the risks and benefits and
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side effects and all that stuff.
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And, and they needed all these medications.
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We had to get it down.
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They had to check their blood sugars.
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Like it was a lot of information.
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And can you imagine how overwhelming that is for a patient?
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Maybe it doesn't mean that much to you as somebody in healthcare,
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but the, my main takeaway, if you can, from this video is to
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include your patients and it's okay to break it into smaller chunks
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because this is, this is, you don't have to fix them right now.
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This is a lifelong diagnosis and a lifelong challenge that they
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need to manage themselves.
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And the more you can explain and get buy-in from patients to
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manage their own care, the more successful they're going to be.
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And then you are going to be in helping them to achieve
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the goals that they want.
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So when I, another thing to say about the management of, of type
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two diabetes, according to the ACE guidelines, is that a diet
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and my lifestyle always come first, which you know, but I
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have to say that each of the medications only lower A1C by
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about 1.5% maximum.
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So if you have one medication that lowers the A1C by 1.5%
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and their A1C is nine, it's not going to meet goal.
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And so knowing that, and some of the medications are only
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0.5%, right?
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So knowing that even if you max out a triple oral therapy, you
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may need to add insulin and dietary modification alone can
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drop somebody's A1C from 13 to six, like that.
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Like it's, it's not a hundred percent of the time.
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It's not a magic fix, but patients who are really
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motivated and able to consistently maintain those
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modifications, that is way more impactful than any
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medication you can give somebody.
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So really, again, having those conversations and
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explaining that to patients of like, listen, you have control
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over this, you can, you can do this and I can help you.
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And here are the ways that we can help you is very
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impactful versus, Hey, your A1C is 13%.
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Here's my checklist of all the things I need to do for
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you.
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And here's this medication and we need to tight
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treat it this way.
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So with that all said, I just want to jump into the
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actual nuts and bolts of probably why you're watching
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today.
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So when it comes to initiating insulin, you need to
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make that decision, share decision making with your
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patient.
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It's a pretty simple algorithm.
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So what you start with is basal insulin, meaning it's
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just that the longer acting insulin once or twice per
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day, depending on the, on the specific type that
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you're choosing.
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And then it's a weight based dosing on average.
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It depends on the resource that you're looking at,
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but to keep it really simple, it's typically
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0.1 to 0.2 units per kilogram per day is the
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total amount of their daily basal insulin.
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So those are things like insulin, Glargine, or
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there's a couple of other ones.
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And really the choice there depends on the
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insurance in my experience.
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The efficacies, I don't see a lot of differences
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between them.
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The most important thing is that they actually take
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them.
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So some of them are 12 hours and some of them
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are cue 20, every 24 hour dosing.
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And so you just have to look at the
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particular medication that is covered for your
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patient and what they're willing to do.
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So that's the total amount.
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The next step is that the patient needs to check
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their fasting blood sugar in the morning, every
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single morning, write them down.
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And then you titrate that dose of the total
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basal daily insulin dose based on that.
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And so if their blood sugar is greater than
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180, it depends.
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So the goal, it depends on the age of the
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patient, what their goal is.
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But typically I tend to go on the higher
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side for my older patients.
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So greater than 180 ish.
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But the true like normal fasting is like
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less than 130 or less than 110, depending
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on how strict you're being.
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I typically go to 130 just because I tend to
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be a little bit cautious, but that's your
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goal of your fasting blood sugars in the
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morning.
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And so every, every three days, the
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recommendations are to titrate up on the
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basal insulin.
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And so, for example, if somebody's basal
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insulin comes out to be 10 units, you can
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either do weight-based dosing or you can
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start with just 10 units.
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So starting with 10 units, you can do
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checking their fasting sugar.
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It's still not at goal.
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You increase it by two to four units,
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depending on how much higher it is.
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So if you're feeling a little overwhelmed,
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can you imagine how your patients feel?
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So the, the way, again, print out the
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cheat sheet down below this video if you
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haven't already.
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But the main thing here is that it is
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complicated and depending on the patient's
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health literacy, they might need a little
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bit more hand-holding.
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If someone has super high health
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literacy, they're very savvy with
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health-related things, they can do that.
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They can follow the directions, write
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it all down, go up and up and up
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and all that stuff.
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Then that's perfect.
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And once they get to the goal fasting
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blood sugar of less than 130 and they
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don't have hypoglycemia, they can
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chill at that dose.
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However, what typically happens is that
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this is confusing for nurse practitioners
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and people who are not nurse practitioners.
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So what I do for patients is I talk
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about, talk about it with them, right?
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It would be great to get it down
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immediately, but again, this is the
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rest of their life.
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So they need to make that decision.
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And so there's a couple of options.
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So I can either, as long as they feel
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comfortable checking their blood
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sugars and they have that skill down,
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they can go home and they can check
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it. They can come back in a week
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with me, two weeks, a month.
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They can come back with the nurse in
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a week or two weeks or a month.
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They can come in with the diabetes
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educator if you have that luxury.
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And then you can kind of just take
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it slow and go from there.
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I mean, most of the time when I'm
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titrating up on insulin for
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patients in this manner, they need
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some hand holding.
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So it's usually done in person
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and typically not even over the
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phone because it's just such a
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new skill. It's so overwhelming.
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Like there's, there's a lot to
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think about.
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So a note about hypoglycemia.
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If patients have any hypoglycemic
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episodes, less than 70 is typically
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the cutoff for the, for the blood
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sugar level.
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You can either decrease the daily
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basal dose by 10% or four units,
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whichever is greater, I believe.
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And it's again, in those ACE
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guidelines.
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But typically I'm, I'm scaling
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back by about four units at a
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time when patients are having
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those hypoglycemic episodes.
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And even if their fasting
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levels are high, I'd rather
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them not have hypoglycemia.
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There are further steps to
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take. You can add prandial
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insulin, meaning meal time
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shorter acting insulin.
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You can add on more oral agents.
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It's getting a little bit
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outside of the scope of this
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video for today, but I'm
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happy to talk about that more.
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If that's something that you're
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interested in.
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But yeah, the moral of the story
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is print out the cheat sheet,
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walk your patients through it
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really slowly and easily for
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them very clearly and definitely
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getting their buy-in, watching
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out for hypoglycemia, making
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sure that they understand what
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signs of hypoglycemia are,
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checking their blood sugars,
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how to use it, and just like
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giving them as much support as
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you can, because especially if
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this is a brand new diagnosis,
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that is incredibly overwhelming
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to them.
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So I hope you like this video.
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Definitely let me know if you
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have any questions or further
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topic requests when it comes to
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diabetes or otherwise.
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And definitely join us for the
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00:11:27.950 --> 00:11:29.030
Lab Interpretation Crash Course
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00:11:29.030 --> 00:11:30.330
for new nurse practitioners on
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00:11:30.330 --> 00:11:30.730
Friday.
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If you feel so called, I'm super
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00:11:32.730 --> 00:11:33.110
excited.
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It's at realworldnp.com slash
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00:11:34.770 --> 00:11:35.230
labs.
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Thank you so much for watching.
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Hang in there and I'll see you
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soon.
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That's our episode for today.
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Thank you so much for
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00:11:45.660 --> 00:11:46.100
listening.
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00:11:46.340 --> 00:11:48.340
Make sure you subscribe, leave
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00:11:48.340 --> 00:11:49.940
a review, and tell all your
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00:11:49.940 --> 00:11:51.940
NP friends so together we can
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help as many nurse practitioners
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as possible give the best care
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to their patients.
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If you haven't gotten your
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00:11:58.000 --> 00:11:59.520
copy of the Ultimate Resource
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00:11:59.520 --> 00:12:01.740
Guide for the new NP, head over
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00:12:01.740 --> 00:12:04.440
to realworldnp.com slash guide.
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00:12:04.860 --> 00:12:06.440
You'll get these episodes sent
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00:12:06.440 --> 00:12:07.760
straight to your inbox every
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00:12:07.760 --> 00:12:09.460
week with notes from me,
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patient stories, and extra
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bonuses I really just don't
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share anywhere else.
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Thank you so much again for
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00:12:15.320 --> 00:12:15.640
listening.
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Take care and talk soon.

Podcast

Liz Rohr